Octreotide and postoperative pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: What we know so far? A narrative review

Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is the most feared complication following pancreatic resection. Octreotide, a synthetic somatostatin analog, has been widely used by pancreatic surgeons worldwide after pancreatic resections, often as per surgeon抯 discretion, to prevent POPF especially in cases at high risk of developing POPF. We herein analyze the data available till date of the subject. A PubMed search with keywords 搒omatostatin OR octreotide OR somatostatin analogues AND postoperative pancreatic fistula� was made. Further filters were applied in the search 揅linical Trial, Meta?Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review, from 1990 � 2021,� and the 68 results thus obtained were analyzed and included in this narrative review. There is considerable heterogeneity among the studies assessing the role of octreotide in the prevention of POPF making data comparison difficult, and hence results remain inconclusive. Most of the earlier studies used different definitions of POPF and other complications; included patients with varied pancreatic pathologies such as cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and benign lesions; surgical techniques such as pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, and other procedures; use of somatostatin and its analogs such as octreotide, lanreotide, pasireotide, and vapreotide; varied surgeon and institutional volume; and so on. Besides, pancreatic surgery is per se a complex surgical procedure and has its own inherent biases related to patient and the pancreas itself affecting the overall outcome. Data indicate favorable role of newer somatostatin analogs, and further studies are urgently needed. The question about the efficacy of prophylactic octreotide to reduce POPF after pancreaticoduodenectomy remains open to debate

Progress in the treatment for gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms / 中国肿瘤临床

With the increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors(GEP-NETs),the treatment for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors is gaining more attention.According to the fourth edition of the World Health Organization(WHO)digestive system tumors pathological classification in 2010,the neuroendocrine tumors can be divided into 3 levels:G1,G2,and G3,respective-ly.Among them,the G1 and G2 level are neuroendocrine tumors,G3 level is neuroendocrine carcinoma.For G1 and G2 level tumors, existing medicine treatments include somatostatin analogs,chemotherapy,targeted therapy,and interferons;while for G3 level neuro-endocrine carcinoma,platinum-based chemotherapy is generally prioritized.Recent studies have found that immune factors also con-tribute to neuroendocrine tumors.Clinical trials on immunotherapy of neuroendocrine tumors are ongoing.In this paper,the drug treatments for GEP-NETs are briefly described.

Macrodenoma hipofisario productor de TSH y GH tratado con dosis mensuales del análogo de somatostatina lanreotide. Caso clínico / Pituitary macroadenoma cosecreting thyrotropin and somatotropin treated with monthly doses of the somatostatin analog lanreotide. A case report

Los tirotropinomas son una causa rara de hipertiroidismo, con una prevalencia de un caso por millón de habitantes. Representanmenos del 2% de todos los adenomas pituitarios. Se caracterizan por la secreción autónoma de tirotrofina (TSH) y la refractariedada la retroalimentación negativa de las hormonas tiroideas. Los adenomas mixtos se diferencian por la hipersecreción concomitantede otra hormona de la hipófisis anterior, y se encuentran hasta un 25% de los pacientes, siendo el 15% productoresde somatotrofina (GH).Debido a su infrecuencia, presentamos el caso de una mujer de 62 años, con antecedente de enfermedad de Graves diagnosticadaa los 28 años de edad, tratada con dos dosis de iodo radioactivo. Es derivada a nuestro servicio a la edad de 62 años conel siguiente laboratorio: TSH 38 µUI/ml (0,3-4,2), T4 12.8 µg/ml (4,5-12,5) e IGF-1 445 ng/ml (81-230) y una resonanciamagnética nuclear (RMI) que informaba un macroadenoma hipofisario invasivo. Tras la actualización de los estudios y laconfirmación diagnóstica se inició tratamiento médico con lanreotide intramuscular, 120 mg cada 28 días, obteniendo buenarespuesta bioquímica.

Thyrotropin secreting pituitary adenomas (TSH-omas) are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism with a prevalence of about one case permillion. They account for less than 2% of all pituitary adenomas. TSH secretion is autonomous and refractory to the negative feedbackof thyroid hormones. Mixed adenomas are characterized by concomitant hypersecretion of other anterior pituitary hormones, and arefound in about 25% of patients; approximately 15% secrete somatotropin (GH).Because of their rarity, we report the case of a 62 year old women with a history of Graves’ disease diagnosed at 28 years of age,treated with two doses of I-131, and referred to our service with the following laboratory: TSH 38 µIU/ml (0.3-4.2), T4 12.8 µg/ml(4.5-12.5) and IGF-1 445 ng/ml (81-230). RMI showed an invasive pituitary macroadenoma. After updating and confirming thecomplementary studies, medical treatment was started with the somatostatin analog lanreotide, 120 mg i.m. every 28 days; there wasgood biochemical response.